financial regulation

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By Andrew Moyle and Stuart Davis

Growth in applications for blockchain and tokenisation, combined with an increasing number of initial coin offerings (ICOs), mean that buyout firms should note developments in this sector.

Why Should PE Be Interested in Blockchain?

A shared blockchain ledger could drive a single interface between a PE fund and its investors, increasing transparency and efficiency, providing real-time updates for LPs on investments, and enhanced investment analytics. Blockchain technology could also be used to automate fund administration — traditionally a manual and time intensive process. However, back- and middle office process at PE houses are typically low volume, low margin activities, in our view limiting any cost and efficiency savings for a PE fund. Furthermore, investors and regulators will scrutinize any blockchain solution and the operational risks inherent in new technology implementation.

Click for larger image.

A more interesting development for PE is the trend towards tokenisation of financial assets. Tokenisation refers to the manufacture, issuance, storage, and transfer of digital assets on a blockchain infrastructure. Digital assets can take any form, e.g., shares or bonds, profit participation rights, fund interests, or a hybrid instrument that automatically converts from one instrument to another on the occurrence of a pre-defined trigger.

FCA teams up with other regulators to advance its idea of creating a global regulatory sandbox.

By Stuart Davis, Gabriel Lakeman, Sam Maxson, Brett Carr and Charlotte Collins

The FCA, along with several other financial services regulators, has launched a consultation on the operating framework for a Global Financial Innovation Network (GFIN). This is an evolution of the FCA’s proposal, mooted earlier this year, to create a global regulatory sandbox (see Latham’s related blog post).

The FCA reports that its proposal was received positively, with respondents keen to see greater regulatory coordination and cooperation at a global level. Therefore, the FCA sees merit in continuing to explore this idea. The FCA has revised the name of the project to the GFIN, to reflect the fact that the group will have a broader remit than first anticipated, with a global regulatory sandbox constituting only one component of the group’s activities.

The PSR is to consider whether there is effective competition in the market and makes clear that further reviews of the payments ecosystem could be triggered by its findings

By Brett Carr, Stuart Davis and Christian McDermott

The Payment Systems Regulator (PSR) has issued Draft Terms of Reference for a market review into the supply of card-acquiring services.

The PSR will use its powers under the Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 to carry out the market review in line with its statutory competition, innovation and service user objectives.

Effective competition in the payments market is a focus of the PSR, and this review follows shortly after dawn raids reported by the PSR in February 2018 as part of its first action under the Competition Act 1998.

Highlights

  • The PSR is taking these steps to investigate concerns that savings from the interchange fee cap are not being passed on to merchants, there is a lack of transparency around the fees paid by merchants to accept card payments and there are barriers to the substitution of acquirer service providers, which all point to competition not working well in the card-acquiring market.
  • A range of actions is open to the PSR, which could see it give directions to the market and its participants, make proposals to the FCA or make a market investigation reference to the CMA.

FCA Chair hints that new regulation addressing data ethics in the FinTech space may be on the horizon.

By Nicola Higgs, Fiona Maclean and Terese Saplys

Will societies of the future be ruled by algocracy, in which algorithms decide how humans are governed? Charles Randell, Chair of the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and Payment Systems Regulator, addressed how to avoid this hypothetical scenario in a broad-ranging speech on that he delivered on 11 July 2018 in London.

Randell’s Remarks

Contributing Factors to an Algocracy

According to Randell, the following three conditions could collectively give rise to a future algocracy:

  • If a small number of major corporations were to hold the largest datasets for a significant number of individuals (as is currently the case)
  • Continuing vast and rapid improvements in artificial intelligence and machine learning that allows firms to mine Big Data sets with greater ease and speed
  • Further developments in behavioural science allowing firms to target their sales efforts by exploiting consumers’ decision-making biases

The FCA has outlined its approach to implementing key standards under the revised Payment Services Directive.

By Christian McDermott, Stuart Davis, Brett Carr, and Charlotte Collins

The FCA has published a statement on its website relating to the European Banking Authority’s (EBA’s) Opinion and draft Guidelines of 13 June 2018 on the Regulatory Technical Standards on Strong Customer Authentication and Common and Secure Communication under PSD2 (the RTS).

Background

The drafting of the RTS, which will apply from 14 September 2019, proved to be one of the most controversial aspects of the revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2) (for background on the RTS, please see Latham’s related Client Alert). The RTS provide for how account information service providers and payment initiation service providers — commonly referred to as third party providers (TPPs) — should interact with account servicing payment service providers (ASPSPs) such as banks. This is crucial to enabling TPPs to provide their services, which rely on ASPSPs making available certain information regarding a customer’s payment account (with the customer’s consent). In turn, these new services will help to open up the banking sector to new business models.

Both the FCA and the PRA have written to firms to warn about certain risks associated with exposures to crypto-assets, and to advise firms of the measures they should consider implementing to mitigate such risks.

By Stuart Davis and Charlotte Collins

The FCA and the PRA have each written a “Dear CEO” letter to firms, to warn about the risks associated with exposure to crypto-assets. The letters reflect each regulator’s concerns, according to their regulatory remit, and provide examples of practical measures that firms should be putting in place.

These letters come at a time when both the use and regulatory scrutiny of crypto-assets is increasing, with the FCA recently revealing in a response to a Freedom of Information Act request that it is currently investigating 24 crypto firms.

The FCA has recently announced that it will begin a review of how firms have implemented the unbundling rules “within weeks”.

By Beatrice Lo and Jonathan Ritson-Candler

At its recent asset management conference, the FCA announced that it will imminently launch a review of how asset managers have implemented the new MiFID II obligation to pay for the research they receive from sell-side firms separately from execution costs (the so-called “unbundling rules”). This is the first FCA-initiated MiFID II review, and comes only six months after the implementation of MiFID II. This is indicative of the regulator’s focus in this area.

The unbundling rules, as part of MiFID II, came into effect on 3 January 2018. The rules represent one of the most significant implementation challenges for the industry given that previously, research had not been separately priced and the new rules are silent on how sell-side firms should negotiate and price their research services (and what buy-side firms could accept). This meant that firms were still developing their pricing models and were still engaged in negotiations post the 3 January 2018 deadline. In recognition of this, towards the end of 2017, the FCA and ESMA permitted “trial periods”. During these periods, sell-side firms can provide, and buy-side firms can receive, free research for a maximum of three months (within any 12 month period). The regulator is keen not only to ensure that firms are compliant with the new rules, but also to understand the broader impact of the unbundling rules on the market.

Swiss regulator offers assistance in navigating the regulatory framework.

By Andrew Moyle, Stuart Davis and Charlotte Collins

The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) has published a set of guidelines, setting out how it intends to apply its financial markets legislation in the context of initial coin offerings (ICOs).

Despite the growing trend for ICOs globally, FINMA is the first national regulator to provide such helpful clarity for ICO participants, who are typically left to work out for themselves whether and how their structure fits into existing regulatory frameworks. ICOs, in which investors receive blockchain-based coins or tokens in exchange for funds, were not envisaged when many existing frameworks were developed. Further, the increasing deployment of ICOs has not given rise to ICO-specific rules and regulations in most jurisdictions, although a minority of regulators such as the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission have announced that they are creating regulatory regimes specifically targeting ICOs. Consequently, the application of current regulation and legislation to ICOs is in many cases unclear, with the legal analysis depending very much upon the way in which a particular ICO is structured.

The FCA seeks industry feedback to capitalise on global regulatory sandbox trend.

By Stuart Davis and Charlotte Collins

The regulatory sandbox was pioneered by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) back in November 2015 — a “safe space” in which businesses can test innovative products, services, business models, and delivery mechanisms without immediately incurring all the normal regulatory consequences of engaging in the activity in question.

The sandbox has been a success to date, helping both existing and new businesses to develop and launch innovative products and business models (see Latham’s previous blog post on the success of the first round of sandbox participants, and Client Alert that tracks the use of the sandbox model across the globe).